Scientific Instruments----Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering,CAS

RESEARCH

Scientific Instruments

1. High-pressure Optical Cell (HPOC); maximum working pressure: 160 MPa, operating temperature: -190~500℃

[1] Jiang, L., Xin, Y., Chou, I.-M., and Chen, Y. Raman spectroscopic measurements of υ₁ band of hydrogen sulfide over a wide range of temperature and density in fused-silica optical cells. J. Raman Spectroscopy-2017. DOI:10.1002/jrs.5293. p. 1-8.

[2] Fang, J., Chou, I.-M., and Chen, Y. Quantitative Raman spectroscopic study of the H₂-CH₄ gaseous system. J. Raman Spectroscopy-2018. DOI: 10.1002/jrs.5337, p. 1-11.

[3] Sun, J.Y., Xin, Y., Chou, I.-M., Sun R., and Jiang, L. Hydrate stability in the H₂S-H₂O system - Visual observations and measurements in a high-pressure optical cell and thermodynamic models. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, v. 65, p. 3884-3892. https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.0c00217

[4] Jiang, L., Xin, Y., Chou, I.-M., and Sun, R. Raman spectroscopic measurements of H₂S solubility in pure water over a wide range of pressure and temperature and a refined thermodynamic model. Chemical Geology, v. 555, 119816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119816

[5] Fang, J., and Chou, I.-M. Redox control and measurement in low-temperature (< 450 ºC) hydrothermal experiments. American Mineralogist, v. 106, p. 1333-1340.

[6] Wan, Y., Wang, X.L., Chou, I.-M., and Li, Xiaochun. Role of sulfate in the transport and enrichment of REE in hydrothermal systems. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 569, 117068.

[7] Sun, J.Y., Chou, I.-M., Jiang, L., Lin, J.Z., and Sun, R. In situ observations and quantitative Raman spectroscopic analyses of samples in high-pressure optical cells in hydrothermal experiments. Science Bulletin, v. 66, 1933-1935.

[8] Wan, Y., Chou, I.-M., Wang, X.L., and Sun, X.M. Explorations on footprints of salt-rich fluid and salt-depleted fluid immiscibility in hydrothermal systems: Insights from divergent partitioning of sulfate and perchlorate in the ZnSO₄–Zn(ClO₄)₂–H₂O system. Chemical Geology, v. 584, 1-10. 120520.

[9] Chou, I.-M., Wang, R.H., and Fang, J. In situ redox control and Raman spectroscopic characterisation of solutions below 300 °C. Geochemical Perspectives Letters, v. 20, 1-5. DOI: 10.7185/geochemlet.2135.

[10] Sun, J.Y., Sun, R., and Chou, I.-M., Nguyen, A.V., and Jiang, L. Experimental measurement and thermodynamic modeling of dissociation conditions of hydrogen sulfide hydrate in the presence of electrolyte solutions. Chemical Engineering Journal, v. 431, 1-13. 13382.

[11] Huang, Y.Y., Wu, C.J., Chen, Y., Chou, I.-M., and Jiang, L. Measurement of diffusion coefficients of hydrogen sulfide in water and brine using in-situ Raman spectroscopy. Fluid Phase Equilibria, v. 556, 113381, 8 pages.

[12] Chen, Y., and Chou, I.-M. Determination of H₂ densities over a wide range of temperatures and pressures based on the spectroscopic characterization of Raman vibrational bands. Applied Spectroscopy, v. 76(7), 841-850.

[13] Hu, M.K., Chou, I.-M., Wang, R.H., Shang, L.B., and Chen, C. High solubility of gold in H₂S-H₂O±NaCl fluids at 100-200 MPa and 600-800 ℃: a synthetic fluid inclusion study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 330, 116-130.

[14] Chen, Y., and Chou, I.-M. Quantitative Raman spectroscopic determination of the composition, pressure, and density of CO₂-CH₄ gas mixtures. Journal of Spectroscopy, v. 2022, Article ID 7238044, 18 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7238044.

[15] Wan, Y., Chou, I.-M., Wang, X.L., Wang, R.H., and Li, X.C. Hydrothermal sulfate surges promote rare earth element transport and mineralization. Geology, v. 51(5), 449-453.

[16] Sun, J.Y., Jian, L., Chou, I.-M., Nguyen, N.N., Nguyen, A.V., Chen, Y., Lin, J.Z., and Wu, C.J. Thermodynamic and kinetic study of methane hydrate formation in surfactant solutions: From macroscale to microscale. Energy, v. 282, 1 November 2023, 128356. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.128356.

[17] Zhang, H.Y., and Chou, I.-M. Raman spectroscopic characterization of the CO₂-N₂ gaseous system at 24–300℃ and 2–40 MPa and applications. High Pressure Research. 2023, 44(1).

2. Fused Silica Capillary Capsule (FSCC); maximum working pressure: 160 MPa, operating temperature: -190~500℃

[1] Jiang, L., Xin, Y., Chou, I.-M.,and Chen, Y. Raman spectroscopic measurements of υ₁ band of hydrogen sulfide over a wide range of temperature and density in fused-silica optical cells. J. Raman Spectroscopy-2017. DOI:10.1002/jrs.5293. p. 1-8.

[2] Fang, J., and Chou, I.-M. Redox control and measurement in low-temperature (< 450 ºC) hydrothermal experiments. American Mineralogist, v. 106, p. 1333-1340.

[3] Wan, Y., Chou, I.-M., Wang, X.L., and Sun X.M. Explorations on footprints of salt-rich fluid and salt-depleted fluid immiscibility in hydrothermal systems: Insights from divergent partitioning of sulfate and perchlorate in the ZnSO₄–Zn(ClO₄)₂–H₂O system. Chemical Geology, v. 584, 1-10. 120520.

[4] Chen, Y. and Chou, I.-M.. Quantitative Raman spectroscopic determination of the composition, pressure, and density of CO₂-CH₄gas mixtures. Journal of Spectroscopy, v. 2022, Article ID 7238044, 18 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7238044.

[5] Hu, M.K., Chou, I.-M., Wang, R.H., Shang, L.B., and Chen, C. High solubility of gold in H₂S-H₂O±NaCl fluids at 100-200 MPa and 600-800 ℃: a synthetic fluid inclusion study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 330, 116-130.

[6] Wan, Y., Chou, I.-M., Wang, X.L., Wang, R.H., and Li, X.C. Hydrothermal sulfate surges promote rare earth element transport and mineralization. Geology, 51, 449–453.

[7] Wang, R., and Chou, I.-M. In-situ redox conditions in hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell experiments using various metal gaskets. Chemical Geology, 636, 121649.

[8] Cheng, N.F., Chou, I.-M., Ye, W., Wang, R.H., and Zhang, H.Y., and Chen, Y. The intrinsic effects of using rhenium gaskets in hydrothermal diamond anvil cell experiments on background fluorescence, contamination, and redox control. Chemical Geology, 632, 121535.

3. Hydrothermal Diamond-anvil Cell (HDAC); maximum working pressure: 3.0 GPa, maximum working temperature: 1000℃

[1] Li, S.H., Li, J.K., and Chou, I.-M. Experimental melt inclusion homogenization in a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell: a comparison with homogenization at one atmosphere. American Mineralogist, 107, 65-73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2021-7781.

[2] Li, S.H. and Chou, I.-M. Refinement of the α-β quartz phase boundary based on in situ Raman spectroscopic measurements in hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell and an evaluated equation of state of pure H₂O. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 2022, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.6367.

[3] Cheng, N.F., Chou, I.-M., Ye, W., Wang, R.H., Zhang, H.Y., and Chen, Y. The intrinsic effects of using rhenium gaskets in hydrothermal diamond anvil cell experiments on background fluorescence, contamination, and redox control. Chemical Geology, v. 632, 121535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2023.121535

[4] Wang, R., and Chou, I.-M. In-situ redox conditions in hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell experiments using various metal gaskets. Chemical Geology, v. 636, 121649.

[5] Wan, Y., Chou, I.-M., Wang, X.L., Wang, R.H., and Li, X.C. Hydrothermal sulfate surges promote rare earth element transport and mineralization. Geology, 51, 449–453.

4. Cold-sealed Pressure Vessel (CSPV); maximum working pressure: 300 MPa, maximum working temperature: 900℃

Brand: Max Voggenreiter

Model: CSHV 3-900

[1] Fang, J., and Chou, I.-M. Redox control and measurement in low-temperature (< 450 ºC) hydrothermal experiments. American Mineralogist, v. 106, p. 1333-1340.

[2] Hu, M.K., Chou, I.-M., Wang, R.H., Shang, L.B., and Chen, C. High solubility of gold in H₂S-H₂O±NaCl fluids at 100-200 MPa and 600-800 ℃: a synthetic fluid inclusion study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 330, 116-130.

[3] Zhang, H.Y., and Chou, I.-M. Raman spectroscopic characterization of the CO₂-N₂ gaseous system at 24–300℃ and 2–40 MPa and applications. High Pressure Research. 2023, 44(1).

5. Piston-cylinder press (PC); maximum working pressure: 4.0 GPa, maximum working temperature: 1600℃;

Brand: RTKINS

Model: RTK-PC-1

[1] Liu, Y.G., Chou, I.-M., Chen, J.Z., Wu, N.P., Li, W.Y., Bagas, L., Ren, M.H., Liu, Z.R., Mei, S.H., and Wang, L.P. Oldhamite: A new link in upper mantle for C-O-S-Ca cycles and an indicator for planetary habitability. National Science Review 10, nwad159.

6. Rotational Diamond Anvil Cell (rDAC); maximum working pressure: 80 GPa, rotate speed: 0.000118°-0.283°/min, maximum working temperature: 1600℃

[1] Zheng, Z., Li, J.W., Deng, X.L, Xiong, M.J., Cai, W.Z., Liang, B.L., Yang, K.H., and Mei, S.H. Synthesis and high-pressure properties of (Nd_0.2Li_0.2Ba_0.2Sr_0.2Ca_0.2)TiO₃ high-entropy perovskite, Materials Today Communications, 2024, 41, 110346.

[2] Zheng, Z., Liang, B.L., Gao, J., Ren, J.Y., Liu, Z.Y., Hou, X., Sun, J.H., and Mei, S.H. Dielectric properties of (FeCoCrMnZn)₃O₄high-entropy oxide at high pressure, Ceramics International, 2023, 49, 32521-32527.

[3] Gao, Y., Zheng, Z., Zhao, X., Liu, Y.G., Chen, J.Z., Li, Y., Xiong, M.J., Zu, X.T., and Mei, S.H. In Situ Raman Spectroscopy and DFT Studies of the Phase Transition from Zircon to Reidite at High P–T Conditions, Minerals, 2022, 12, 1618.

[4] Zhao, X., Zheng, Z., Chen, J.Z., Gao, Y., Sun, J.H., Hou, X., Xiong, M.J., and Mei, S.H. High P-T Calcite-Aragonite Phase Transitions Under Hydrous and Anhydrous Conditions, Frontiers in Earth Science, 2022, 10, 907967.

[5] Zhao, X., Mei, S.H., Zheng, Z., Gao, Y., Chen, J.Z., Liu, Y.G., Sun, J.G., Li, Y., and Sun, J.H. In situ study of calcite-III dimorphism using dynamic diamond anvil cell, Chinese Physics B, 2022, 31, 096201

[6] Liang, S., Liu, Y.G., Mei, S.H. In Situ Study on Dehydration and Phase Transformation of Antigorite, Minerals, 2022, 12, 567.

7. Dynamic Diamond Anvil Cell (dDAC); working pressure: 5~20GPa, maximum working temperature: 1600℃;

8. Laser Raman spectrometer

Brand: HORIBA JOBIN YVON S.A.S.

Model: LabRAM HR Evolution

It equips with 4 lasers ( 325 nm, 532 nm, 633 nm, 785 nm) and the spectral resolution is better than one wavenumber.

[1] Jiang, L., Xin, Y., Chou, I.-M., and Chen, Y. Raman spectroscopic measurements of υ₁band of hydrogen sulfide over a wide range of temperature and density in fused-silica optical cells. J. Raman Spectroscopy-2017. DOI:10.1002/jrs.5293. p. 1-8.

[2] Fang, J., Chou, I.-M., and Chen, Y. Quantitative Raman spectroscopic study of the H₂-CH₄ gaseous system. J. Raman Spectroscopy-2018. DOI: 10.1002/jrs.5337, p. 1-11.

[5] Wan, Y., Wang, X.L., Chou, I.-M., and Li, X.C. Role of sulfate in the transport and enrichment of REE in hydrothermal systems. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 569, 117068.

[6] Sun, J.Y., Chou, I.-M., Jiang, L., Lin, J.Z., and Sun, R. In situ observations and quantitative Raman spectroscopic analyses of samples in high-pressure optical cells in hydrothermal experiments. Science Bulletin, v. 66, 1933-1935.

[7] Wan, Y., Chou, I.-M., Wang, X.L., and Sun X.M. Explorations on footprints of salt-rich fluid and salt-depleted fluid immiscibility in hydrothermal systems: Insights from divergent partitioning of sulfate and perchlorate in the ZnSO₄–Zn(ClO₄)₂–H₂O system. Chemical Geology, v. 584, 1-10. 120520.

[8] Chou, I.-M., Wang, R.H., and Fang, J. In situ redox control and Raman spectroscopic characterisation of solutions below 300 °C. Geochemical Perspectives Letters, v. 20, 1-5. DOI: 10.7185/geochemlet.2135.

[9] Sun, J.Y., Sun, R., and Chou, I.-M., Nguyen, A.V., and Jiang, L. Experimental measurement and thermodynamic modeling of dissociation conditions of hydrogen sulfide hydrate in the presence of electrolyte solutions. Chemical Engineering Journal, v. 431, 1-13. 13382.

[10] Huang, Y.Y., Wu, C.J., Chen, Y., Chou, I.-M., and Jiang, L. Measurement of diffusion coefficients of hydrogen sulfide in water and brine using in-situ Raman spectroscopy. Fluid Phase Equilibria, v. 556, 113381, 8 pages.

[11] Hu, M.K., Chou, I.-M., Wang, R.H., Shang, L.B., and Chen, C. High solubility of gold in H₂S-H₂O±NaCl fluids at 100-200 MPa and 600-800 ℃: a synthetic fluid inclusion study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 330, 116-130.

[12] Sun, J.Y., Jian, L., Chou, I.-M., Nguyen, N.N., Nguyen, A.V., Chen, Y., Lin, J.Z., and Wu, C.J. Thermodynamic and kinetic study of methane hydrate formation in surfactant solutions: From macroscale to microscale. Energy, v. 282, 1 November 2023, 128356. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.128356.

[13] Sun, J.Y., Xin, Y., Chou, I.-M., Sun R., and Jiang, L. High solubility of gold in H₂S-H₂O±NaCl fluids at 100-200 MPa and 600-800 ℃: a synthetic fluid inclusion study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 330, 116-130.

[14] Li, S.H., and Chou, I.-M. Refinement of the α-β quartz phase boundary based on in situ Raman spectroscopic measurements in hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell and an evaluated equation of state of pure H₂O. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 2022, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.6367.

[15] Chen, Y., and Chou, I.-M. Determination of H₂ densities over a wide range of temperatures and pressures based on the spectroscopic characterization of Raman vibrational bands. Applied Spectroscopy, 76(7), 841-850.

[16] Chen, Y., and Chou, I.-M.. Quantitative Raman spectroscopic determination of the composition, pressure, and density of CO₂-CH₄ gas mixtures. Journal of Spectroscopy, 2022, Article ID 7238044, 18 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7238044.

[17] Li, S.H., Li, J.K., and Chou, I.-M. Experimental melt inclusion homogenization in a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell: a comparison with homogenization at one atmosphere. American Mineralogist, 107, 65-73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2021-7781.

[18] Cheng, N.F., Chou, I.-M., Ye, W., Wang, R.H., Zhang, H.Y., and Chen, Y. The intrinsic effects of using rhenium gaskets in hydrothermal diamond anvil cell experiments on background fluorescence, contamination, and redox control. Chemical Geology, 632, 121535.

[19] Fang, J., and Chou, I.-M. Redox control and measurement in low-temperature (< 450 ºC) hydrothermal experiments. American Mineralogist, v. 106, p. 1333-1340.

[20] Wan, Y., Chou, I.-M., Wang, X.L., Wang, R.H., and Li, X.C. Hydrothermal sulfate surges promote rare earth element transport and mineralization. Geology, 51, 449–453.

[21] Wang, R.H., and Chou, I.-M. In-situ redox conditions in hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell experiments using various metal gaskets. Chemical Geology, 636, 121649.

[22] Zhang, H.Y., and Chou, I.-M. Raman spectroscopic characterization of the CO₂-N₂gaseous system at 24–300℃ and 2–40 MPa and applications. High Pressure Research. 2023, 44(1).

9. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer

Brand: Thermo Fisher

Model: Nicolet iS50

[1] Zhao, X., Zheng, Z., Chen, J.Z., Sun, J.H., Xiong, M.J., Hou, X., and Mei, S.H. In-situ experimental study on the hydrolysis and pyrolysis processes of polylactic acid, Polymer Engineering and Science, 2024, 64, 1675-1685.

[2] Hou, X., Liu, Y., Chen, J.Z., Zheng, Z., Liu, Y.G., Zhao, X., Sun, J.H., Wang, X.M., Li, J.B., and Mei, S.H. Experimental study on the tridacna squamosa shell: Distinctive structure and mechanical behavior, ACS Biomaterials Science and Engineering, 2023, 9, 399-408.

[3] Zhang, G.N., Mei, S.H., and Song, S.M. Effect of water on the dislocation creep of enstatite aggregates at 300 MPa. Geophysical Research Letters, 2020, 47, e2019GL085895.

10. X-ray single crystal diffractometer

The samples in these optical reaction cells (FSCC, HPOC, HDAC, rDAC, dDAC) can be qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed in situ using the laser Raman spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, and single crystal XRD to support the study of the thermodynamic equilibrium state and reaction kinetics of minerals and geological fluids.

11. Earth’s Fluid Systems

Earth's fluids can be likened to the blood of the human body, transporting various substances that circulate through the Earth's different layers. They promote various phase changes and chemical reactions, facilitate elemental cycling, and expedite energy transfer, playing an exceptionally important role in all stages of the Earth's evolution.

At present and for some time in the future, humans, especially scientists, have to face two significant issues: human health and Earth's health. It is the mission of geochemists to tackle problems such as global change, C-H-O-S-N cycling, greenhouse gas reduction, ocean acidification, deep-sea chemistry, soil chemistry, heavy metal pollution control, the chemical interaction between life substances and non-life substances, mineralization of deep fluids, metamorphism, fluid-rock interaction, fluid inclusions, salt lake chemistry, water quality engineering, etc., all falling within the disciplines of ecology, environment, oceanography, and resource geochemistry. All these problems are closely associated with a common medium—Earth’s fluids, which are composed of water, gas, various ions, and organic molecules, which can be classified into numerous systems; we call it Earth’s Fluid Systems (EFS). In most cases, the major chemical components of Earth-fluid systems are similar, the theoretical methods of chemical thermodynamics share common grounds, and the experimental data overlap. All these problems need to calculate thermodynamic properties, such as solubility, phase equilibria, distribution ratio between different phases, activity or fugacity, density, PVT properties, mole volumes, isochores, dielectric constant, conductance, etc. under different pressure-temperature-composition (PTx) conditions. Such calculations are generally not easy for most geoscientists. Therefore, we decide to develop this website (http://efs.idsse.ac.cn or http://10.1.21.192), or a calculation platform called, for world-wide scientists to use. It will facilitate various calculations as shown on the website itself.

Currently, this website offers the ability to calculate several key physical and chemical properties of Earth's fluid systems. These include phase equilibrium or phase state, solubility, PVT, density, isochoric lines, fugacity, activity, chemical potential, conductivity, dielectric constant, and diffusion coefficient for various major fluid systems. However, the site is still in its early stages of development and will undergo continuous improvements over the long term. We encourage users to share their suggestions for expanding and enhancing this resource. For inquiries, please contact Zhenhao Duan at zduan@idsse.ac.cn or Haoran Sun at sunhr@idsse.ac.cn .

Moreover, we are actively engaged in molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations of geofluids, deep-sea chemistry, and eco-thermodynamics. Our goal in this research area is to achieve a quantitative understanding of ocean chemistry and the ecological mechanisms at play, as outlined in the descriptions for each research area. Furthermore, a computational platform for fluid inclusion studies is accessible on this site.

Note: Earth’s-fluids refer to liquids and gases under Earth's environmental conditions. The main components include water (H₂O), gases (CO₂, CH₄, C₂H₆, N₂, H₂S, NH₃, Cl₂, F, HCl, N₂O, Ar, He, etc.), metal ions (such as Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, etc.), anions (such as Cl^-、SO₄^2-、 HCO₃^-、CO₃^2- 、PO₄^3-、HPO₄^2-、CrO₄^2- etc.), various complex ions composed of anions and cations (important complex ions amount to hundreds of types), natural organic molecules, and various synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and chemical product molecules. seawater, lake water, brine, geothermal fluids, mine water, soil water, sewage, volcanic gases, mineral inclusions, petroleum, natural gas, shale gas, gas hydrates, ore-forming fluids, and metamorphic fluids are all examples of Earth’s fluids.

Link: The website is still under final debugging and is expected to go online by the end of 2024. Currently, you can use this temporary URL (http://10.1.21.192) to access our website within the IDSSE.